• Insight Salon
  • Posts
  • [๐Ÿ”ฅ Hot off the Feed] Chinaโ€™s Price Wars and the Rise of Involution

[๐Ÿ”ฅ Hot off the Feed] Chinaโ€™s Price Wars and the Rise of Involution

When competition turns cannibalistic, even innovation can't survive.

์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ '๋‚ด๊ถŒ(ๅ…งๅท)'์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€

๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์ž๋ฉธ์ ์ด ๋  ๋•Œ, ํ˜์‹ ๋„ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ˜Ž ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด?

๐Ÿ‘‰ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋”” ์‹ ์ฒญ ๋งํฌ : https://forms.gle/6a6ou68a2YyLvnaMA

๐Ÿ‘‰ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋”” ๋ฌธ์˜ : https://open.kakao.com/me/insightsalon

๐Ÿ“Œ Context is King

In a rare reversal of market norms, Chinese authorities have begun reprimanding carmakers not for price hikes, but for aggressive discounts. In an economy suffering from weak demand and overcapacity, prices in 25 out of 30 major industries have dropped (May 2025), including electric cars, coal, and steel. The result? Deflation is now a systemic threat.

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์™€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ โ€˜ํ• ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿโ€™์„ ์งˆ์ฑ…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์š” ์นจ์ฒด์™€ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์†์—์„œ, 30๊ฐœ ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฐ์—… ์ค‘ 25๊ฐœ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ํ•˜๋ฝํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ค‘ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ, ์„ํƒ„, ์ฒ ๊ฐ• ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ๋‚™ํญ์ด ํŠนํžˆ ์ปธ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ์ด์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์œ„ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

The governmentโ€™s term for this spiral is โ€œinvolutionโ€โ€”originally used to describe students' hyper-competition yielding no real reward. Now, itโ€™s being applied to industries locked in destructive price battles, undermining innovation, and profit. Itโ€™s not just a term; itโ€™s a policy problem.

์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ โ€˜๋‚ด๊ถŒ(ๅ…งๅท, involution)โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—… ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์  ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ, ํ˜์‹  ์ •์ฒด, ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ ์•…ํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค.

๐Ÿงฉ IYKYK(If you know, you know)

1. Involution (๋‚ด๊ถŒ)
Hyper-competition that yields diminishing returns, often at the cost of long-term viability.
โ†’ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”, ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์น˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ž‰ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ƒํƒœ.

2. Factory-gate Prices (๊ณต์žฅ์ถœํ•˜๊ฐ€)
The price of goods leaving the factory, often a leading indicator of producer-side inflation or deflation.
โ†’ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์—์„œ ์ถœํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ธก ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜/๋””ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰ ์ง€ํ‘œ.

3. Capacity Utilization (์„ค๋น„ ๊ฐ€๋™๋ฅ )
The extent to which a firm or nation is using its production capacity. Low rates often signal inefficiency or oversupply.
โ†’ ์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ๋กœ, ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ.

๐Ÿง  In Focus

Across Chinaโ€™s manufacturing landscape, firms are now engaged in survival-driven discounting. Automakers repackage new cars as โ€œusedโ€ to justify lower prices. Solar panel makers pledge price floors to avoid collapse. This is not innovationโ€”itโ€™s desperation dressed as competition.

์ค‘๊ตญ ์ œ์กฐ์—… ์ „๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ธํ•˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ โ€˜์ค‘๊ณ โ€™๋กœ ๋‘”๊ฐ‘์‹œ์ผœ ํ• ์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ํŒจ๋„ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ํ•˜ํ•œ์„ ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹ ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ โ€˜์œ„์žฅ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿโ€™์ด๋‹ค.

The deeper concern lies in its strategic implication: industries once hailed as future growth enginesโ€”EVs, batteries, solarโ€”are now trapped in a deflationary spiral. If โ€œinvolutionโ€ continues unchecked, it may erode China's technological edge, not reinforce it.

๋” ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ „๋žต์  ํ•จ์˜๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋˜ ์‚ฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ•จ์ •์— ๋น ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์šฐ์œ„๋งˆ์ € ์œ„ํ˜‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜๋‚ด๊ถŒโ€™์ด ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž๋ฉธ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ—ฃ How They Talk About It

๐Ÿ“Œ price war (๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ „์Ÿ)
โ€œChinaโ€™s EV makers are locked in a price war thatโ€™s eating into their profits.โ€
โ€œ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ‰์•„๋จน๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ€

๐Ÿ“Œ cut-throat competition (์‚ด๋ฒŒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ)
โ€œAnalysts warn of cut-throat competition in the solar industry.โ€
โ€œ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ์‚ด๋ฒŒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์šฐ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€

๐Ÿ“Œ disguised discounting (์œ„์žฅ๋œ ํ• ์ธ)
โ€œLabeling new cars as โ€˜usedโ€™ is just disguised discounting.โ€
โ€œ์‹ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ โ€˜์ค‘๊ณ โ€™๋กœ ํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์œ„์žฅ๋œ ํ• ์ธ์ด๋‹ค.โ€

๐Ÿ“Œ race to the bottom (ํ•˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰์ค€ํ™” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ)
โ€œThe industry is trapped in a race to the bottom, sacrificing margins for market share.โ€
โ€œ์—…๊ณ„๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง„์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์œ ์œจ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰์ค€ํ™” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ๋น ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ€

๐Ÿ“Œ idle capacity (์œ ํœด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ)
โ€œSteelmakers are burdened with idle capacity as demand weakens.โ€
โ€œ์ˆ˜์š” ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ฒ ๊ฐ• ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์œ ํœด ์„ค๋น„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ€

๐Ÿงญ Discourse Watch

๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States
U.S. economic commentary has increasingly framed Chinaโ€™s โ€œinvolutionโ€ as a structural challenge to global innovation and trade dynamics. Concerns center on how prolonged price suppression may distort competition and weaken long-term industrial resilience.

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” โ€˜๋‚ด๊ถŒโ€™์„ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋„์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์™œ๊ณกํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค.

๐ŸŽฌ Outro

Involution isnโ€™t just about working harder for lessโ€”itโ€™s about systems that trap us in endless loops of diminishing returns. The cure might not be in cutting more, but in thinking more.

โ€˜๋‚ด๊ถŒโ€™์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋” ์ผํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ๋œ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ชจ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ‡ํžˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค. ์ง„์งœ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์€ ๋” ์ž๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ“… July 2024 โ€“ Politburo Officially Uses โ€œInvolutionโ€ in Economic Context
๐Ÿ“… 2024๋…„ 7์›” โ€“ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •์น˜๊ตญ, โ€˜๋‚ด๊ถŒโ€™์„ ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ์ž‘

๐Ÿงพ Sources

  • "China's EV Price War Turns Desperate" (The Economist, 2025)

  • "Involution and Industrial Deflation" (Bloomberg, 2025)

  • "Peopleโ€™s Daily on Market Order" (Peopleโ€™s Daily, 2025)

  • "Morgan Stanley: Involution Risks" (Reuters, 2025)

  • "Gavekal Dragonomics: Overcapacity Watch" (Financial Times, 2025)

๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ Copyright & Disclaimer | ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์ฑ… ์กฐํ•ญ

This content is exclusively crafted for subscribers of the Insight Salon newsletter. Unauthorized reproduction, redistribution, or modification of any part of this material is strictly prohibited.
์ด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” Insight Salon ๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋…์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ „์šฉ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ๋ฌด๋‹จ ๋ณต์ œ, ๋ฐฐํฌ, ์ˆ˜์ •์€ ์—„๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Disclaimer: This article is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It does not constitute financial, legal, or professional advice. All content is curated from publicly available sources and does not aim to predict market trends or corporate strategies.
๋ฉด์ฑ… ์กฐํ•ญ: ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ ยท์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ๋ฌดยท๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๋“ฑ ์ „๋ฌธ์  ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ „๋žต์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Insight Salon, Speak real & sound smart.