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[๐ฅ Hot off the Feed] First Brands Bankruptcy: How a $6bn Auto Empire Imploded โ and Who Saw It Coming
When off-the-books debt meets on-the-record disaster

ํผ์คํธ ๋ธ๋์ฆ ํ์ฐ: 60์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์๋์ฐจ ์ ๊ตญ์ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์๊ฒฌํ ์๋ค
์ฅ๋ถ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ฑ๊ฐ ์ฅ๋ถ ์ ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋์์ฌ ๋
๐ ์์์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ปจํ ์ธ ๋ฅผ ํ์ตํ๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๋ฉด?
๐ ์ง๊ธ ์ฃผ์ ๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ ์๊ธฐํ๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๋ฉด?
๐ ์คํฐ๋ ์ ์ฒญ ๋งํฌ : https://forms.gle/6a6ou68a2YyLvnaMA
๐ ์คํฐ๋ ๋ฌธ์ : https://open.kakao.com/me/insightsalon
๐ Context is King
First Brands Group, once a rising force in the car parts industry, collapsed into bankruptcy in a matter of weeks โ stunning Wall Street and leaving behind a trail of opaque debts and unanswered questions. Less than two months before filing for Chapter 11, the company was still pitching a $6bn loan deal to investors. Now, over $10bn in liabilities remain, and the fallout is revealing uncomfortable truths about private creditโs blind spots.
ํ๋ ์๋์ฐจ ๋ถํ ์
๊ณ์ ๋ ์ค๋ฅด๋ ์ ์ฑ์ด์๋ ํผ์คํธ ๋ธ๋์ฆ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋ถ๊ณผ ๋ช ์ฃผ ๋ง์ ํ์ฐํ๋ฉด์ ์์คํธ๋ฆฌํธ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ๋น ๋จ๋ ธ๋ค. ํ์ฐ ์ ์ฒญ ๋ถ๊ณผ ๋ ๋ฌ ์ ๊น์ง๋ 60์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋์ถ์ ํฌ์์๋ค์๊ฒ ํ๋ณดํ๊ณ ์์์ง๋ง, ์ง๊ธ์ 100์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋ถ์ฑ๋ง ๋จ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฒ ์ฌํ๋ ์ฌ๋ชจ ์ ์ฉ์์ฅ์ ํ์ ์ ๊ณ ์ค๋ํ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๊ณ ์๋ค.
CLO managers like PGIM and CIFC, who bought First Brandsโ debt at face value, are now left with loans trading at just 30 cents on the dollar. Jefferies, the dealโs lead arranger, was not only exposed through the failed $6bn loan but also had direct involvement in the companyโs opaque factoring schemes, facing potential write-downs. BDO, the companyโs auditor, also finds its reputation at risk after signing off on the accounts just months before the bankruptcy.
PGIM๊ณผ CIFC ๊ฐ์ CLO ๋งค๋์ ๋ค์ ์ก๋ฉด๊ฐ์ ๋งค์
ํ๋ ํผ์คํธ ๋ธ๋์ฆ ๋์ถ์ด ํ์ฌ๋ 30์ผํธ ์์ค์ผ๋ก ํญ๋ฝํ๋ฉฐ ์์ค์ ์
์๋ค. ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ดํ๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์คํจํ 60์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๋์ถ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ํฉํ ๋ง ๊ณ์ฝ์๋ ์ฝํ ์์ด ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์์ค ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ง๋ฉดํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด BDO ์ญ์ ํ์ฐ ์ง์ ๊น์ง ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ํ์ ์ ์ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ด๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์
์ ์ ์๋ค.
But a select few saw it coming โ and acted. Apollo Global Management and Diameter Capital shorted the companyโs debt ahead of the collapse, betting on its demise. As the situation unraveled, distressed debt funds swooped in, buying up First Brands' top-ranking loans at a steep discount, positioning themselves to benefit from the bankruptcy restructuring.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐํํ๊ณ ์์ง์๋ค. ์ํด๋ก ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๋งค๋์ง๋จผํธ์ ๋ค์ด์๋ฏธํฐ ์บํผํธ์ ํ์ฐ ์ ์ ํ์ฌ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ณต๋งค๋ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ์ ๋ฒ ํ
ํ๋ค. ์ํฉ์ด ์
ํ๋์ ์ผ๋ถ ๋ถ์ค์ฑ๊ถ ์ ๋ฌธ ํ๋๋ค์ ์ต๊ณ ๋ฑ๊ธ ๋์ถ์ ํ๊ฐ์ ๋งค์
ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์์ ์์ต์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค.
Notes: Patrick James
Founder and CEO of First Brands Group. Originally from Malaysia, he built a quiet but aggressive reputation for expanding his company through leveraged acquisitions and private financing deals. He had previously faced litigation during the 2008 financial crisis, raising questions about his financial governance.
FBG์ ์ฐฝ์ ์์ด์ CEO. ๋ง๋ ์ด์์ ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฃผํด ์ฌ์ ์ ์์ํ๊ณ , ์กฐ์ฉํ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ๋ค์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ์ ์ ๋ต๊ณผ ๋ณตํฉ์ ๊ธ์ต ์๋จ์ ๋์ํด ํ์ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํค์ ๋ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ธ์ต ์๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ฐจ์ ๋ ผ๋์ ํ๋ง๋ฆฐ ์ ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ค.
Jefferies
A mid-sized American investment bank known for its active role in leveraged finance and private credit markets. In the First Brands case, Jefferies was both the lead arranger of a $6bn loan deal and a behind-the-scenes participant in the companyโs factoring arrangements.
While it does not rank among the bulge-bracket firms, Jefferies holds a significant position in mid-market banking and has total assets around $64 billion. It is often noted for its aggressive credit strategies and strong presence in high-yield issuance.๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ ํฌ์์ํ / ๊ธ์ต ์๋น์ค ํ์ฌ๋ก, ํ์ด๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๋์ถ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ชจ ์ ์ฉ ์์ฅ์์ ํ๋ฐํ ํ๋ํ๋ค.
FBG ํ์ฐ ์ฌํ์์๋ 60์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๋์ถ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ดํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํฉํ ๋ง(๋งค์ถ์ฑ๊ถ ํ ์ธ ๋งค๊ฐ) ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํตํด ๋ ๊น์ด ๊ฐ์
ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค.
๊ท๋ชจ ๋ฉด์์ โ์ค๊ฒฌ ์์ฅ(middleโmarket)โ ํฌ์์ํ ์ค ์์๊ถ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ M&Aยท๋ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ง ๊ธ์ต ๋ถ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๋ํ ํฌ์์ํ ์์ค์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ญ๋์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ค.
CLO Managers
Asset managers that package and sell leveraged loans into CLOs for high-yield returns. In FBGโs case, they purchased loans near par and now face heavy losses.
โ PGIM and CIFC were among the CLO holders exposed to First Brands.
๋ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ๋ก ์ ๋ฌถ์ด ๊ณ ์์ต์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๋ CLO ์ํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑํด ํฌ์์์๊ฒ ํ๋งคํ๋ ์์ฐ์ด์ฉ์ฌ๋ค. FBG ์ฌ๋ก์์๋ ์ก๋ฉด๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋์ถ์ ๋งค์
ํ์ผ๋ ํฐ ์์ค์ ์
๊ฒ ๋จ.
โ PGIM๊ณผ CIFC๊ฐ ๋ํ์ ์ผ๋ก First Brands์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋ CLO ์ด์ฉ์ฌ์๋ค.
PGIM (Prudential Global Investment Management)
The investment management arm of Prudential Financial, PGIM is a major player in alternative assets for institutional clients. It held CLO exposure to FBG.
ํ๋ฃจ๋ด์
ํ์ด๋ธ์
์ ์์ฐ์ด์ฉ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก, ๊ธฐ๊ดํฌ์์๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋์ฒดํฌ์ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ฃผ์ํ ์
์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์. FBG์ ๋ํ CLO ๋
ธ์ถ์ ๋ณด์ .
CIFC
A U.S.-based credit-focused asset manager specializing in CLOs, high-yield, and leveraged loans. Held First Brands debt and is now facing potential losses.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ฉ ์ ๋ฌธ ์์ฐ์ด์ฉ์ฌ๋ก CLO, ํ์ด์ผ๋ ์ฑ๊ถ, ๋ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ๋ก ์ ํนํ. First Brands ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๋ณด์ ํ๊ณ ์์ด ์์ค ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์์.
Apollo Global Management
One of the worldโs largest alternative asset managers, active across private equity, credit, real estate, and infrastructure.
โ Took a short position in FBG debt well before its collapse; owns competitor Tenneco.
๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ต๋๊ธ ๋์ฒดํฌ์ ์ด์ฉ์ฌ ์ค ํ๋๋ก, ์ฌ๋ชจํ๋, ์ ์ฉ, ๋ถ๋์ฐ, ์ธํ๋ผ ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ์์ฐ๊ตฐ์์ ํ์ฝ.
โ FBG ํ์ฐ ์ ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ณต๋งค๋ํ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ ๋์. FBG์ ๊ฒฝ์์ฌ์ธ Tenneco๋ ๋ณด์ ์ค.
Diameter Capital Partners
A New York-based credit hedge fund known for distressed debt and event-driven strategies.
โ Shorted FBG debt and later bought senior loans at below 40 cents on the dollar. Apollo holds a minority stake.
๋ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ํฌ๋ ๋ง ์ ๋ฌธ ํค์งํ๋๋ก, ๋ถ์ค์ฑ๊ถ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฒคํธ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ธ ์ ๋ต์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ช
.
โ FBG ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ณต๋งค๋ํ ๋ค ์ต๊ทผ์๋ ์ต๊ณ ๋ฑ๊ธ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ์ก๋ฉด๊ฐ์ 40์ผํธ ์ดํ๋ก ๋งค์
. ์ํด๋ก๊ฐ ์์ ์ง๋ถ ๋ณด์ .
๐งฉ IYKYK(If you know, you know)
Shadow Liquidity (๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ์ ๋์ฑ)
Off-balance sheet financing mechanisms that escape traditional scrutiny.
โ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ํ์ ๋ช ํํ ๋ํ๋์ง ์๋ ์๊ธ ์กฐ๋ฌ ๋ฐฉ์. ํฌ๋ช ์ฑ ๋ถ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ๋ฅผ ํค์ด๋ค.Factoring (ํฉํ ๋ง)
The sale of unpaid invoices(Receivables) to raise short-term capital.
โ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ ๋(๋งค์ถ์ฑ๊ถ)์ ํ ์ธํด ํ๋งคํ๋ฉฐ ํ๊ธ์ ์ ๋ํํ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ.Big Boy Letter (๋น ๋ณด์ด ๋ ํฐ)
A legal agreement where parties waive liability due to unequal access to insider info.
โ ์ ๋ณด ๋น๋์นญ์ด ์๋ ๊ฑฐ๋์์ ๋ฒ์ ์ฑ ์์ ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ๋ ํฉ์์.Private Credit Boom (์ฌ๋ชจ ์ ์ฉ ๋ถ)
A decade-long surge in non-bank lending to corporations, often with looser oversight.
โ ์ํ์ด ์๋ ํฌ์๊ธฐ๊ด๋ค์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์๊ธ์ ๋๋ ํ๋ฆ์ผ๋ก, ๊ท์ ๊ฐ ์ฝํ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ๋ ๋๋ค.CLOs (Collateralised Loan Obligations)
Structured vehicles that buy risky corporate loans and slice them into tranches.
โ ๊ณ ์ํ ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ถ์ ๋ฌถ์ด ์ชผ๊ฐ์ ํ๋งคํ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ ์ํ. ์์ต๋ฅ ์ ๋์ง๋ง ์๊ธฐ์ ํ๊ฒฉ๋ ํฌ๋ค.
๐ง In Focus
Patrick James, the elusive industrialist behind First Brands, had a history โ but few expected history to repeat itself on this scale. By aggressively acquiring companies and financing them with layered private debt, he built a sprawling empire off-the-books. His downfall now threatens not just his company but confidence in the transparency of US private markets.
ํผ์คํธ ๋ธ๋์ฆ์ ๋ฐฐํ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ธ ํจํธ๋ฆญ ์ ์์ค๋ ์กฐ์ฉํ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์์์จ ์ญ์ฌ๋ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ๋จ์ํ์ง ์์๋ค. ์ธ์ํฉ๋ณ๊ณผ ๋ค์ธต์ ์ธ ๋น๊ณต์ ์๊ธ ์กฐ๋ฌ์ ํตํด ์ ๊ตญ์ ํค์์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ง๊ธ ๋ฌด๋์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ํ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ์ ๋์ด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ชจ ์์ฅ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ค.
The collapse is also a reputational reckoning for Jefferies, the Wall Street bank that marketed the doomed $6bn debt deal. Investors were unaware that Jefferies had more opaque ties to the company via factoring lines โ now part of the contested bankruptcy filings. As major credit players rush to cut losses, some hedge funds are stepping in, sensing opportunity in the wreckage.
์ด๋ฒ ํ์ฐ์ ํผ์คํธ ๋ธ๋์ฆ๋ง์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋๋ค. ํด๋น ํ์ฌ์ ๋์ถ์ ์ค๊ฐํ ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ํ ์ญ์ ๊ทธ ๋ถํฌ๋ช
ํ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ธํด ํํ์ ํฐ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์
์๋ค. ํฌ์์๋ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ ์ฌ์ด, ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ํฉํ ๋ง์ ํตํด ํจ์ฌ ๋ ๊น์ด ์ฝํ ์์๋ ๊ฒ. ์ฃผ์ ํฌ์์๋ค์ด ์์ ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ถ ํค์งํ๋๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ฟ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค.
๐ฃ How They Talk About It
๐ liquidity illusion
์ค์ ๋ก๋ ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์๋ ์ ๋์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฏ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ๋ง๋๋ ์ฌ๋ฌด ๊ตฌ์กฐ
"First Brands created a liquidity illusion that fooled even seasoned investors."
๐collateral labyrinth
๋ณต์กํ ๋ด๋ณด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ์ํ์ ์จ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ดํ
"Its debt was buried inside a collateral labyrinth few could trace."
๐credit contagion
ํ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ถ์ค์ด ์์ฅ ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ง๋ ํ์
"This could trigger a credit contagion in the private debt ecosystem."
๐paper fortress
๊ฒ๋ณด๊ธฐ์๋ ํผํผํ์ง๋ง ์ค์ฒด๊ฐ ์ทจ์ฝํ ์ฌ๋ฌด ๊ตฌ์กฐ
"First Brands looked like a paper fortress โ impressive on paper, hollow in reality."
๐distressed playbook
๋ถ์ค์์ฐ ์ ๋ต์ง
"Funds are now flipping to the distressed playbook, preparing to profit off the rubble."
๐ฌ Outro
The devil wasnโt just in the details โ he was hiding in the footnotes, the factoring, and the fine print.
์
๋ง๋ ๋ํ
์ผ์๋ง ์์ง ์์๋ค โ ๊ฐ์ฃผ์ ํฉํ ๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ข
์ธ๋ถ ์กฐํญ์ ์จ์ด ์์๋ค.
๐ก๏ธ Copyright & Disclaimer | ์ ์๊ถ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์ฑ ์กฐํญ
This content is exclusively crafted for subscribers of the Insight Salon newsletter. Unauthorized reproduction, redistribution, or modification of any part of this material is strictly prohibited.
์ด ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ Insight Salon ๋ด์ค๋ ํฐ ๊ตฌ๋
์๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ ์๋ ์ ์ฉ ์๋ฃ์
๋๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ๋ฌด๋จ ๋ณต์ , ๋ฐฐํฌ, ์์ ์ ์๊ฒฉํ ๊ธ์ง๋ฉ๋๋ค.
Disclaimer: This article is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It does not constitute financial, legal, or professional advice. All content is curated from publicly available sources and does not aim to predict market trends or corporate strategies.
๋ฉด์ฑ
์กฐํญ: ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ๊ต์ก์ ยท์ ๋ณด ์ ๊ณต์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฑ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๋ฌดยท๋ฒ๋ฅ ๋ฑ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์กฐ์ธ์ ์ ๊ณตํ์ง ์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ต์ ์์ธกํ๋ ค๋ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์๋๋๋ค.