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[๐Ÿ”ฅ Hot off the Feed] Kodakโ€™s Last Frame: When Innovation Isnโ€™t Enough

From Film to Fallback: Kodakโ€™s 133-Year Slide into Obsolescence

์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์žฅ๋ฉด: 'ํ˜์‹ '๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ

ํ•„๋ฆ„์—์„œ ํ‡ด์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€: 133๋…„ ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ธฐ

๐Ÿ˜Ž ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด?

๐Ÿ‘‰ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋”” ์‹ ์ฒญ ๋งํฌ : https://forms.gle/6a6ou68a2YyLvnaMA

๐Ÿ‘‰ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋”” ๋ฌธ์˜ : https://open.kakao.com/me/insightsalon

๐Ÿ“Œ Context is King

Kodak, once synonymous with photography itself, now warns it may soon cease operations. With $500 million in debt and no guaranteed financing, the 133-year-old giant is confronting the possibility of closing its doors for good. Even more haunting? Kodak helped invent the very technologyโ€”digital camerasโ€”that disrupted and ultimately dismantled its own empire.

ํ•œ๋•Œ '์‚ฌ์ง„'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ์ž์ฒด์™€ ๋™์˜์–ด์˜€๋˜ ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์ด, ์ด์ œ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฑ„์™€ ํ™•๋ณด๋œ ์ž๊ธˆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, 133๋…„ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์€ ์ด์ œ ์ƒ์กด ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ˜์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ โ€”๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผโ€”๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ ์ œ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿงฉ IYKYK(If you know, you know)

  1. Going Concern Warning (๊ณ„์†๊ธฐ์—… ์˜๋ฌธ)
    A red flag in financial reporting indicating a company may not survive in the near future.
    โ†’ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ์กด์† ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•  ๋•Œ ํšŒ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๊ธฐ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ .

  2. Chapter 11 Bankruptcy (์ฑ•ํ„ฐ 11 ํŒŒ์‚ฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ)
    A U.S. legal process that allows companies to reorganize under bankruptcy court supervision.
    โ†’ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ํŒŒ์‚ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ž˜ ์žฌ์ •๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•จ.

  3. Innovatorโ€™s Dilemma (ํ˜์‹ ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ)
    When successful companies fail because they ignore disruptive innovations they pioneered.
    โ†’ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ํŒŒ๊ดด์  ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชฐ๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ.

  4. Legacy Brand (์ „ํ†ต ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ)
    A long-established company that struggles to adapt to technological or cultural shifts.
    โ†’ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง€๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ์—….

  5. Strategic Pivot (์ „๋žต์  ์ „ํ™˜)
    A fundamental shift in business focus, often during financial distress.
    โ†’ ์žฌ์ •์  ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „ํ™˜.

๐Ÿง  In Focus

Kodak isnโ€™t just a company in troubleโ€”itโ€™s a living archive of 20th-century capitalism. From inventing the film roll to pioneering digital photography, its legacy is as vast as its failure is tragic. Despite inventing the digital camera in 1975, Kodak clung to its film empire too long, fearing the disruption it foresaw.

In a late-game attempt to reinvent itself, Kodak pivoted to pharmaceuticals in 2020. The plan was bold but short-lived. Now, itโ€™s trying to stop retirement pension payments and renegotiate debt to buy time. But the broader lesson is this: innovation means nothing without adaptation.

์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋น ์ง„ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๋กค์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ๋ณธ ์ด ๊ธฐ์—…์€, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋‘๋ ค์›€ ์•ž์— ๋จธ๋ญ‡๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๋ชฐ๋ฝ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2020๋…„์—๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ ์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€์ „ํ™˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜์ง์ž„๋„ ์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํ‡ด์ง์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ธ‰์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜‘์ƒํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: 'ํ˜์‹ '์€ '์ ์‘' ์—†์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ—ฃ How They Talk About It

๐Ÿ“Œ Invented the future, ignored it(๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ฉดํ•˜๋‹ค)
"Kodak created the digital cameraโ€”and then acted like it didnโ€™t exist."
"์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ๋„, ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."

๐Ÿ“Œ From dominance to doubt(์ง€๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ์˜์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ)
"At its peak, Kodak owned 90% of the U.S. film market. Today, it questions its own survival."
"์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ์—” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ 90%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ƒ์กด์„ ์˜์‹ฌ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค."

๐Ÿ“Œ Brand without a business(์‚ฌ์—… ์—†๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ)
"The Kodak name still sellsโ€”but what exactly does it sell now?"
"์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํŒ”๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •์ž‘ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํŒ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?"

๐Ÿ“Œ Too late to pivot(์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์—ˆ๋‹ค)
"Its shift to pharmaceuticals was bold, but a decade too late."
"์ œ์•ฝ์—…์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 10๋…„์€ ๋Šฆ์—ˆ๋‹ค."

๐Ÿ“Œ Frozen in film(ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ ๊ธฐ์—…)
"Kodak stayed loyal to film even when the world had moved on."
"์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„, ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์€ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋‹ค."

๐Ÿงญ Discourse Watch

๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States

๐Ÿ“ฐ Media โ€“ The Wall Street Journal frames Kodakโ€™s decline as a warning for legacy firms resisting innovation. CNN highlights Kodakโ€™s pivot to pharmaceuticals as a late but notable attempt at reinvention.
์–ธ๋ก  โ€“ ์›”์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ์ €๋„์€ ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์˜ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ์„ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CNN์€ ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ „ํ™˜์„ ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ์‹œ๋„๋กœ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ› Research โ€“ Harvard Business Review cites Kodak in case studies about digital disruption and organizational inertia. MIT Sloan links Kodakโ€™s fate to risk-averse cultures in legacy firms.
์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€ โ€“ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹คํŒจ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , MIT๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํšŒํ”ผ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ’ฌ Communities โ€“ On Reddit and tech forums, Kodak is often referenced as โ€œwhat not to doโ€ when discussing startup agility vs. legacy risk. Users criticize Kodak for โ€œinventing the future, then ignoring it.โ€
์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ โ€“ ๋ ˆ๋”ง๊ณผ ํ…Œํฌ ํฌ๋Ÿผ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฒฉํ•œ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ โ€˜๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹คํŒจโ€™์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์™ธ๋ฉดํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…โ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐ŸŽฌ Outro

When a companyโ€™s biggest strength becomes its biggest weakness, the result is not just failureโ€”itโ€™s a cautionary tale.

๊ฐ•์ ์ด ์•ฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ๋ชฐ๋ฝ์€ ์‹คํŒจ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ“… 1975 โ€“ Kodak engineer Steve Sasson invents the first digital camera.
1975 โ€“ ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์˜ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ƒˆ์Šจ์ด ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿงพ Sources

  • "133-year old Kodak says it might have to cease operations" (CNN, 2025)

  • "Kodakโ€™s Bankruptcy and Missed Opportunities" (Harvard Business Review, 2016)

  • "The Innovatorโ€™s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail" (Clayton Christensen, 1997)

  • "What Happened to Kodak?" (MIT Sloan Management Review, 2020)

  • "How Kodak Went From Photography Pioneer to Pharma Hopeful" (CNBC, 2021)

๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ Copyright & Disclaimer | ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์ฑ… ์กฐํ•ญ

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์ด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” Insight Salon ๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋…์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ „์šฉ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ๋ฌด๋‹จ ๋ณต์ œ, ๋ฐฐํฌ, ์ˆ˜์ •์€ ์—„๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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๋ฉด์ฑ… ์กฐํ•ญ: ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ ยท์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ๋ฌดยท๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๋“ฑ ์ „๋ฌธ์  ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ „๋žต์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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